{
  "study": {
    "title": "Columbia Daily Spectator University News coverage audit",
    "version": "2.0-authorized-university-census",
    "status": "complete_census_metadata_semantic_population_results_suppressed",
    "main_hypothesis_assessment": "not_established; diversity-oriented manual evidence runs predominantly contrary; automated semantic evidence is mixed and unvalidated",
    "leadership_trend_assessment": "not_supported; no manual measure and only one of four suppressed automated screens moved monotonically toward pro-administration treatment",
    "preregistration_sha256": "8966040d76a6ca75ddf23b439fdf8349519e3595e5fb21308358b781359b8029",
    "university_addendum_sha256": "26bd2ae9dce549a6d488dd3946051841cba8ed3381b374e92f6da7ae03e72e9b"
  },
  "cutoff": {
    "start_date": "2023-10-01",
    "end_date": "2026-08-10",
    "latest_observed_article_date": "2026-08-05",
    "collection_completed_utc": "2026-08-10T19:04:00Z"
  },
  "corpus": {
    "coverage_status": "complete_reconciled_university_news_census",
    "articles_n": 1527,
    "successful_full_text_private_n": 1527,
    "failed_n": 0,
    "excluded_other_sections": [
      "opinion",
      "city_news",
      "sports",
      "spectrum",
      "other_non_university_news"
    ],
    "subdesk_counts": {
      "administration": 671,
      "academics": 266,
      "student_life": 590
    },
    "manual_audit_n": 230,
    "manual_audit_share": 0.15062213490504256,
    "manual_paired_actor_n": 118,
    "private_corpus_sha256": "b697367b2f86dbd04d11c5a25a0d4113a4f94606febf18b2979e6bc8d628f37b",
    "public_articles_sha256": "4e6674653e1810312065e5d099f3cae445eff468757cd24dcf7412bddbab209b",
    "article_counts_by_year": {
      "2023": 138,
      "2024": 521,
      "2025": 581,
      "2026": 287
    }
  },
  "validation": {
    "independent_overlap_n": 50,
    "manual_semantic_threshold": 0.6,
    "automated_semantic_measures_tested": 19,
    "automated_semantic_measures_passing": 0,
    "automated_kappa_range": [
      -0.0817353033637221,
      0.3138105567606653
    ],
    "result": "all automated semantic population findings suppressed",
    "intercoder_file": "university-manual-intercoder-reliability.csv",
    "automation_file": "university-automation-validation.csv"
  },
  "headline_findings": [
    {
      "measure_id": "manual_headline_adverse_gap",
      "label": "Administration minus challenger adverse-headline rate",
      "source": "230-article diversity-oriented manual audit",
      "status": "audit_sample_not_population",
      "estimate": 0.3142857142857143,
      "n": 70,
      "ci95": [
        0.18571428571428572,
        0.44285714285714284
      ],
      "interval_method": "audit_sample_paired_bootstrap_10000_reps",
      "direction_convention": "positive = more adverse framing of administration",
      "interpretation": "Positive: administration more often received adverse headline framing in comparable audit rows.",
      "evidence_rows": []
    },
    {
      "measure_id": "manual_lede_adverse_gap",
      "label": "Administration minus challenger adverse-lede rate",
      "source": "230-article diversity-oriented manual audit",
      "status": "audit_sample_not_population",
      "estimate": 0.3333333333333333,
      "n": 78,
      "ci95": [
        0.21794871794871795,
        0.4490384615384569
      ],
      "interval_method": "audit_sample_paired_bootstrap_10000_reps",
      "direction_convention": "positive = more adverse framing of administration",
      "interpretation": "Positive: administration more often received adverse lede framing in comparable audit rows.",
      "evidence_rows": []
    },
    {
      "measure_id": "auto_framing_gap",
      "label": "Automated administration-minus-challenger marked framing",
      "source": "complete-census automated screen",
      "status": "suppressed_failed_manual_validation",
      "estimate": -0.03207109737248841,
      "n": 1294,
      "ci95": [
        -0.05029623905203503,
        -0.013652756311179803
      ],
      "interval_method": "paired_article_bootstrap_5000_reps",
      "direction_convention": "negative = automated screen consistent with administrative deference",
      "interpretation": "Screening value only. None of 19 automated semantic validation measures reached Cohen's kappa 0.60.",
      "evidence_rows": []
    }
  ],
  "actor_comparisons": [
    {
      "measure_id": "manual_scrutiny_gap",
      "label": "Administration minus challenger skepticism",
      "source": "230-article diversity-oriented manual audit",
      "status": "audit_sample_not_population",
      "estimate": 0.37272727272727274,
      "n": 110,
      "ci95": [
        0.2,
        0.5363636363636364
      ],
      "interval_method": "audit_sample_paired_bootstrap_10000_reps",
      "direction_convention": "positive = more scrutiny of administration",
      "interpretation": "Contrary to the deference hypothesis inside the audit set.",
      "evidence_rows": []
    },
    {
      "measure_id": "manual_tone_gap",
      "label": "Administration minus challenger reporter tone",
      "source": "230-article diversity-oriented manual audit",
      "status": "audit_sample_not_population",
      "estimate": -0.4152542372881356,
      "n": 118,
      "ci95": [
        -0.559322033898305,
        -0.2711864406779661
      ],
      "interval_method": "audit_sample_paired_bootstrap_10000_reps",
      "direction_convention": "positive = more favorable treatment of administration",
      "interpretation": "Negative: administration was treated more unfavorably inside the audit set, contrary to the hypothesis.",
      "evidence_rows": []
    },
    {
      "measure_id": "manual_headline_adverse_gap",
      "label": "Administration minus challenger adverse-headline rate",
      "source": "230-article diversity-oriented manual audit",
      "status": "audit_sample_not_population",
      "estimate": 0.3142857142857143,
      "n": 70,
      "ci95": [
        0.18571428571428572,
        0.44285714285714284
      ],
      "interval_method": "audit_sample_paired_bootstrap_10000_reps",
      "direction_convention": "positive = more adverse framing of administration",
      "interpretation": "Positive: administration more often received adverse headline framing in comparable audit rows.",
      "evidence_rows": []
    },
    {
      "measure_id": "manual_lede_adverse_gap",
      "label": "Administration minus challenger adverse-lede rate",
      "source": "230-article diversity-oriented manual audit",
      "status": "audit_sample_not_population",
      "estimate": 0.3333333333333333,
      "n": 78,
      "ci95": [
        0.21794871794871795,
        0.4490384615384569
      ],
      "interval_method": "audit_sample_paired_bootstrap_10000_reps",
      "direction_convention": "positive = more adverse framing of administration",
      "interpretation": "Positive: administration more often received adverse lede framing in comparable audit rows.",
      "evidence_rows": []
    },
    {
      "measure_id": "manual_assertion_test_gap",
      "label": "Official minus challenger assertion testing",
      "source": "230-article diversity-oriented manual audit",
      "status": "audit_sample_not_population",
      "estimate": 0.14102564102564102,
      "n": 78,
      "ci95": [
        0.038461538461538464,
        0.24358974358974358
      ],
      "interval_method": "audit_sample_paired_bootstrap_10000_reps",
      "direction_convention": "positive = official assertions tested more often",
      "interpretation": "Contrary direction, but intercoder reliability for assertion-testing flags was below 0.60; interpret cautiously.",
      "evidence_rows": []
    },
    {
      "measure_id": "manual_first_quote_gap",
      "label": "Administration minus challenger first-quote probability",
      "source": "230-article diversity-oriented manual audit",
      "status": "audit_sample_not_population",
      "estimate": -0.07627118644067797,
      "n": 118,
      "ci95": [
        -0.2457627118644068,
        0.09322033898305085
      ],
      "interval_method": "audit_sample_paired_bootstrap_10000_reps",
      "direction_convention": "positive = administration quoted first more often",
      "interpretation": "Interval crosses zero; the audit did not establish quotation priority.",
      "evidence_rows": []
    },
    {
      "measure_id": "auto_scrutiny_gap",
      "label": "Automated administration-minus-challenger scrutiny",
      "source": "complete-census automated screen",
      "status": "suppressed_failed_manual_validation",
      "estimate": -0.06428968584931888,
      "n": 1199,
      "ci95": [
        -0.1061301084236864,
        -0.022796775090353077
      ],
      "interval_method": "paired_article_bootstrap_5000_reps",
      "direction_convention": "negative = automated screen consistent with administrative deference",
      "interpretation": "Screening value only. None of 19 automated semantic validation measures reached Cohen's kappa 0.60.",
      "evidence_rows": []
    },
    {
      "measure_id": "auto_framing_gap",
      "label": "Automated administration-minus-challenger marked framing",
      "source": "complete-census automated screen",
      "status": "suppressed_failed_manual_validation",
      "estimate": -0.03207109737248841,
      "n": 1294,
      "ci95": [
        -0.05029623905203503,
        -0.013652756311179803
      ],
      "interval_method": "paired_article_bootstrap_5000_reps",
      "direction_convention": "negative = automated screen consistent with administrative deference",
      "interpretation": "Screening value only. None of 19 automated semantic validation measures reached Cohen's kappa 0.60.",
      "evidence_rows": []
    },
    {
      "measure_id": "auto_first_quote_gap",
      "label": "Automated administration-minus-challenger first quote",
      "source": "complete-census automated screen",
      "status": "suppressed_failed_manual_validation",
      "estimate": 0.061823802163833076,
      "n": 1294,
      "ci95": [
        0.00927357032457496,
        0.11360123647604328
      ],
      "interval_method": "paired_article_bootstrap_5000_reps",
      "direction_convention": "positive = official first-quote priority",
      "interpretation": "Screening value only. None of 19 automated semantic validation measures reached Cohen's kappa 0.60.",
      "evidence_rows": []
    },
    {
      "measure_id": "auto_quote_share_gap",
      "label": "Automated administration-minus-challenger quote-word share",
      "source": "complete-census automated screen",
      "status": "suppressed_failed_manual_validation",
      "estimate": -0.06587493185219037,
      "n": 1264,
      "ci95": [
        -0.10384602266727258,
        -0.028154872365362613
      ],
      "interval_method": "paired_article_bootstrap_5000_reps",
      "direction_convention": "positive = larger administration share",
      "interpretation": "Screening value only. None of 19 automated semantic validation measures reached Cohen's kappa 0.60.",
      "evidence_rows": []
    }
  ],
  "article_level_manual_audit_rates": {
    "release_reliance_ge_2": {
      "n": 230,
      "estimate": 0.34782608695652173,
      "ci95": [
        0.28695652173913044,
        0.40869565217391307
      ],
      "method": "audit_sample_paired_bootstrap_10000_reps"
    },
    "documents_records_data": {
      "n": 230,
      "estimate": 0.9260869565217391,
      "ci95": [
        0.8913043478260869,
        0.9565217391304348
      ],
      "method": "audit_sample_paired_bootstrap_10000_reps"
    },
    "affected_people_consulted": {
      "n": 230,
      "estimate": 0.4434782608695652,
      "ci95": [
        0.3782608695652174,
        0.5043478260869565
      ],
      "method": "audit_sample_paired_bootstrap_10000_reps"
    },
    "power_history_consequences_context": {
      "n": 230,
      "estimate": 0.9608695652173913,
      "ci95": [
        0.9347826086956522,
        0.9826086956521739
      ],
      "method": "audit_sample_paired_bootstrap_10000_reps"
    },
    "follow_up_orientation": {
      "n": 230,
      "estimate": 0.6869565217391305,
      "ci95": [
        0.6260869565217392,
        0.7478260869565218
      ],
      "method": "audit_sample_paired_bootstrap_10000_reps"
    }
  },
  "topic_breakdowns": [
    {
      "subdesk": "academics",
      "primary_topic": "discipline",
      "n": 7
    },
    {
      "subdesk": "academics",
      "primary_topic": "federal_pressure",
      "n": 40
    },
    {
      "subdesk": "academics",
      "primary_topic": "governance",
      "n": 20
    },
    {
      "subdesk": "academics",
      "primary_topic": "institutional_policy",
      "n": 6
    },
    {
      "subdesk": "academics",
      "primary_topic": "labor",
      "n": 9
    },
    {
      "subdesk": "academics",
      "primary_topic": "major_announcement",
      "n": 49
    },
    {
      "subdesk": "academics",
      "primary_topic": "other",
      "n": 46
    },
    {
      "subdesk": "academics",
      "primary_topic": "policing_public_safety",
      "n": 11
    },
    {
      "subdesk": "academics",
      "primary_topic": "president_trustees",
      "n": 25
    },
    {
      "subdesk": "academics",
      "primary_topic": "protest_palestine",
      "n": 47
    },
    {
      "subdesk": "academics",
      "primary_topic": "speech",
      "n": 6
    },
    {
      "subdesk": "administration",
      "primary_topic": "discipline",
      "n": 16
    },
    {
      "subdesk": "administration",
      "primary_topic": "federal_pressure",
      "n": 124
    },
    {
      "subdesk": "administration",
      "primary_topic": "governance",
      "n": 26
    },
    {
      "subdesk": "administration",
      "primary_topic": "institutional_policy",
      "n": 8
    },
    {
      "subdesk": "administration",
      "primary_topic": "labor",
      "n": 12
    },
    {
      "subdesk": "administration",
      "primary_topic": "major_announcement",
      "n": 20
    },
    {
      "subdesk": "administration",
      "primary_topic": "other",
      "n": 65
    },
    {
      "subdesk": "administration",
      "primary_topic": "policing_public_safety",
      "n": 53
    },
    {
      "subdesk": "administration",
      "primary_topic": "president_trustees",
      "n": 139
    },
    {
      "subdesk": "administration",
      "primary_topic": "protest_palestine",
      "n": 202
    },
    {
      "subdesk": "administration",
      "primary_topic": "speech",
      "n": 6
    },
    {
      "subdesk": "student_life",
      "primary_topic": "campus_access",
      "n": 1
    },
    {
      "subdesk": "student_life",
      "primary_topic": "discipline",
      "n": 11
    },
    {
      "subdesk": "student_life",
      "primary_topic": "federal_pressure",
      "n": 35
    },
    {
      "subdesk": "student_life",
      "primary_topic": "governance",
      "n": 11
    },
    {
      "subdesk": "student_life",
      "primary_topic": "institutional_policy",
      "n": 3
    },
    {
      "subdesk": "student_life",
      "primary_topic": "labor",
      "n": 22
    },
    {
      "subdesk": "student_life",
      "primary_topic": "major_announcement",
      "n": 40
    },
    {
      "subdesk": "student_life",
      "primary_topic": "other",
      "n": 103
    },
    {
      "subdesk": "student_life",
      "primary_topic": "policing_public_safety",
      "n": 38
    },
    {
      "subdesk": "student_life",
      "primary_topic": "president_trustees",
      "n": 50
    },
    {
      "subdesk": "student_life",
      "primary_topic": "protest_palestine",
      "n": 270
    },
    {
      "subdesk": "student_life",
      "primary_topic": "speech",
      "n": 6
    }
  ],
  "time_period_breakdowns": {
    "article_counts_by_leadership_period": {
      "147th": 129,
      "148th": 516,
      "149th": 581,
      "150th": 301
    },
    "exploratory_stage_results": {
      "automated_screening": {
        "scrutiny_gap": {
          "stage_estimates": {
            "encampment_peak": -0.12777777777777777,
            "post_encampment_148": -0.10991820040899794,
            "149th": -0.035689170182841075,
            "150th": 0.0506072874493927
          },
          "pro_admin_expected_direction": "decreasing",
          "monotonic_in_expected_direction": false,
          "current_minus_encampment": {
            "n_current": 247,
            "n_encampment": 120,
            "estimate": 0.17838506522717046,
            "ci95": [
              0.030743786549707604,
              0.3241506410256409
            ],
            "method": "two_group_article_bootstrap_10000_reps"
          },
          "meaning": "Lower means less scrutiny of administration; a decreasing sequence supports the claim.",
          "status": "suppressed_unvalidated_automated_semantic_screen"
        },
        "marked_framing_gap": {
          "stage_estimates": {
            "encampment_peak": -0.04986876640419947,
            "post_encampment_148": -0.0331588132635253,
            "149th": -0.014110225763612216,
            "150th": -0.017610062893081757
          },
          "pro_admin_expected_direction": "decreasing",
          "monotonic_in_expected_direction": false,
          "current_minus_encampment": {
            "n_current": 265,
            "n_encampment": 127,
            "estimate": 0.03225870351111771,
            "ci95": [
              -0.04709113306591393,
              0.11239303223889466
            ],
            "method": "two_group_article_bootstrap_10000_reps"
          },
          "meaning": "Lower means less adverse/marked framing of administration; a decreasing sequence supports the claim.",
          "status": "suppressed_unvalidated_automated_semantic_screen"
        },
        "first_quote_gap": {
          "stage_estimates": {
            "encampment_peak": 0.16535433070866143,
            "post_encampment_148": 0.06282722513089005,
            "149th": 0.0398406374501992,
            "150th": 0.04905660377358491
          },
          "pro_admin_expected_direction": "increasing",
          "monotonic_in_expected_direction": false,
          "current_minus_encampment": {
            "n_current": 265,
            "n_encampment": 127,
            "estimate": -0.11629772693507652,
            "ci95": [
              -0.31906106076363094,
              0.08499257168325638
            ],
            "method": "two_group_article_bootstrap_10000_reps"
          },
          "meaning": "Higher means administration is quoted first more often; an increasing sequence supports the claim.",
          "status": "suppressed_unvalidated_automated_semantic_screen"
        },
        "quote_word_share_gap": {
          "stage_estimates": {
            "encampment_peak": -0.18815733640164148,
            "post_encampment_148": -0.07065719372286286,
            "149th": -0.05538965069622963,
            "150th": -0.029076213019874383
          },
          "pro_admin_expected_direction": "increasing",
          "monotonic_in_expected_direction": true,
          "current_minus_encampment": {
            "n_current": 256,
            "n_encampment": 124,
            "estimate": 0.1590811233817671,
            "ci95": [
              0.013068710366386075,
              0.30107488221668816
            ],
            "method": "two_group_article_bootstrap_10000_reps"
          },
          "meaning": "Higher means a larger administration share of attributed quotation words; an increasing sequence supports the claim.",
          "status": "suppressed_unvalidated_automated_semantic_screen"
        }
      },
      "manual_diversity_sample": {
        "scrutiny_gap": {
          "stage_estimates": {
            "encampment_peak": 0.17647058823529413,
            "post_encampment_148": 0.5,
            "149th": 0.5238095238095238,
            "150th": 0.2777777777777778
          },
          "pro_admin_expected_direction": "decreasing",
          "monotonic_in_expected_direction": false,
          "current_minus_encampment": {
            "n_current": 18,
            "n_encampment": 17,
            "estimate": 0.10130718954248366,
            "ci95": [
              -0.5294934640522875,
              0.7712418300653594
            ],
            "method": "two_group_article_bootstrap_10000_reps"
          },
          "meaning": "Lower means less manual skepticism toward administration.",
          "status": "exploratory_nonrepresentative_manual_sample"
        },
        "tone_gap": {
          "stage_estimates": {
            "encampment_peak": -0.16666666666666666,
            "post_encampment_148": -0.42857142857142855,
            "149th": -0.41304347826086957,
            "150th": -0.2857142857142857
          },
          "pro_admin_expected_direction": "increasing",
          "monotonic_in_expected_direction": false,
          "current_minus_encampment": {
            "n_current": 21,
            "n_encampment": 18,
            "estimate": -0.11904761904761904,
            "ci95": [
              -0.626984126984127,
              0.35714285714285715
            ],
            "method": "two_group_article_bootstrap_10000_reps"
          },
          "meaning": "Higher means more favorable manual tone toward administration.",
          "status": "exploratory_nonrepresentative_manual_sample"
        },
        "adverse_headline_gap": {
          "stage_estimates": {
            "encampment_peak": 0.2727272727272727,
            "post_encampment_148": 0.36363636363636365,
            "149th": 0.4090909090909091,
            "150th": 0.3333333333333333
          },
          "pro_admin_expected_direction": "decreasing",
          "monotonic_in_expected_direction": false,
          "current_minus_encampment": {
            "n_current": 12,
            "n_encampment": 11,
            "estimate": 0.06060606060606061,
            "ci95": [
              -0.5303030303030303,
              0.5909090909090909
            ],
            "method": "two_group_article_bootstrap_10000_reps"
          },
          "meaning": "Lower means less adverse headline framing of administration.",
          "status": "exploratory_nonrepresentative_manual_sample"
        },
        "adverse_lede_gap": {
          "stage_estimates": {
            "encampment_peak": 0.23076923076923078,
            "post_encampment_148": 0.3333333333333333,
            "149th": 0.4166666666666667,
            "150th": 0.5
          },
          "pro_admin_expected_direction": "decreasing",
          "monotonic_in_expected_direction": false,
          "current_minus_encampment": {
            "n_current": 12,
            "n_encampment": 13,
            "estimate": 0.2692307692307692,
            "ci95": [
              -0.2243589743589744,
              0.7435897435897436
            ],
            "method": "two_group_article_bootstrap_10000_reps"
          },
          "meaning": "Lower means less adverse lede framing of administration.",
          "status": "exploratory_nonrepresentative_manual_sample"
        },
        "first_quote_gap": {
          "stage_estimates": {
            "encampment_peak": 0.05555555555555555,
            "post_encampment_148": 0.21428571428571427,
            "149th": -0.08695652173913043,
            "150th": -0.23809523809523808
          },
          "pro_admin_expected_direction": "increasing",
          "monotonic_in_expected_direction": false,
          "current_minus_encampment": {
            "n_current": 21,
            "n_encampment": 18,
            "estimate": -0.2936507936507936,
            "ci95": [
              -0.8412698412698413,
              0.2698412698412698
            ],
            "method": "two_group_article_bootstrap_10000_reps"
          },
          "meaning": "Higher means administration is quoted first more often.",
          "status": "exploratory_nonrepresentative_manual_sample"
        }
      }
    },
    "claim_assessment": "The requested progressive-worsening claim is not supported. No manual outcome follows the predicted monotonic sequence; only the unvalidated quote-word-share screen does."
  },
  "leadership_periods": [
    {
      "period_id": "147th",
      "start_date_in_study": "2023-10-01",
      "end_date": "2023-12-12",
      "date_note": "The board was announced in December 2022; its exact assumption date is not stated. It was plainly active at the audit start.",
      "editor_in_chief": [
        "Irie Sentner"
      ],
      "managing_editor": [
        "Andrew Park"
      ],
      "university_news_editors": [
        "Esha Karam",
        "Isabella Ram\u00edrez"
      ],
      "editorial_page_leadership_separate": [
        "Mil\u00e8ne Klein"
      ],
      "primary_source": "https://www.columbiaspectator.com/spectrum/2022/12/14/announcing-spectators-147th-managing-board/"
    },
    {
      "period_id": "148th",
      "start_date_in_study": "2023-12-13",
      "end_date": "2024-12-10",
      "date_note": "The official announcement says the board formally took its roles on December 13, 2023; end inferred as the day before the successor board began.",
      "editor_in_chief": [
        "Isabella Ram\u00edrez"
      ],
      "managing_editor": [
        "Esha Karam"
      ],
      "university_news_editors": [
        "Shea Vance",
        "Sarah Huddleston"
      ],
      "editorial_page_leadership_separate": [
        "Colin Roedl"
      ],
      "primary_source": "https://www.columbiaspectator.com/spectrum/2023/12/13/spectator-announces-148th-managing-board/"
    },
    {
      "period_id": "149th",
      "start_date_in_study": "2024-12-11",
      "end_date": "2025-12-09",
      "date_note": "The official announcement says the board formally began on December 11, 2024; end inferred as the day before the successor board began.",
      "editor_in_chief": [
        "Shea Vance"
      ],
      "managing_editor": [
        "Heather Chen"
      ],
      "university_news_editors": [
        "Isha Banerjee"
      ],
      "editorial_page_leadership_separate": [
        "Achilles Frangos"
      ],
      "primary_source": "https://www.columbiaspectator.com/spectrum/2024/12/11/spectator-announces-149th-managing-board/"
    },
    {
      "period_id": "150th",
      "start_date_in_study": "2025-12-10",
      "end_date": "2026-08-10",
      "date_note": "The end is the audit cutoff, not the end of the board's tenure.",
      "editor_in_chief": [
        "Tsehai Alfred"
      ],
      "managing_editor": [
        "Manuela Moreyra"
      ],
      "university_news_editors": [
        "Spencer Davis",
        "Emily Pickering"
      ],
      "editorial_page_leadership_separate": [
        "Camille (Cami) Duran"
      ],
      "primary_source": "https://www.columbiaspectator.com/spectrum/2025/12/10/spectator-announces-150th-managing-board/"
    }
  ],
  "counterexamples": [
    {
      "article_id": "spec-14778f2a1d85994c",
      "title": "Barnard altered its policies after removing a \u2018Solidarity with Palestine\u2019 statement from a departmental website. Faculty are calling it censorship.",
      "date": "2023-12-08",
      "url": "https://www.columbiaspectator.com/news/2023/12/08/barnard-altered-its-policies-after-removing-a-solidarity-with-palestine-statement-from-a-departmental-website-faculty-are-calling-it-censorship/",
      "why_it_matters": "Strong policy investigation compares dated versions, official explanations, governance history, external standards, and next steps with several faculty sources.",
      "evidence_excerpt": "The faculty statement did not clearly violate the political activity policy as it existed at the time"
    },
    {
      "article_id": "spec-f90359a994a158f5",
      "title": "Inside Columbia\u2019s surveillance and disciplinary operation for student protesters",
      "date": "2024-09-12",
      "url": "https://www.columbiaspectator.com/news/2024/09/12/inside-columbias-surveillance-and-disciplinary-operation-for-student-protesters-3/",
      "why_it_matters": "Exceptional enterprise work triangulates internal emails, voicemail, policies, disciplinary outcomes, experts, many affected students, and detailed official responses.",
      "evidence_excerpt": "In June, Shuman was found \u2018not responsible\u2019 for any charges related to \u2018Resistance 101.\u2019"
    },
    {
      "article_id": "spec-0fd272e6c455f4a0",
      "title": "Columbia calls itself a \u2018modern and accessible campus.\u2019 Not all of its wheelchair users agree",
      "date": "2024-12-23",
      "url": "https://www.columbiaspectator.com/news/2024/12/23/columbia-calls-itself-a-modern-and-accessible-campus-not-all-of-its-wheelchair-users-agree/",
      "why_it_matters": "Four wheelchair users, observation, maps, history, counterexamples, and University responses remain balanced; repaired text begins with an affected wheelchair user.",
      "evidence_excerpt": "I found students trying to drag themselves up stairs"
    },
    {
      "article_id": "spec-765839142daaa7ac",
      "title": "ICE did not have arrest warrant for Mahmoud Khalil, SIPA \u201924, at time of arrest, court documents reveal",
      "date": "2025-04-24",
      "url": "https://www.columbiaspectator.com/news/2025/04/24/ice-did-not-have-arrest-warrant-for-mahmoud-khalil-sipa-24-at-time-of-arrest-court-documents-reveal/",
      "why_it_matters": "Court filings, ICE records, video, and counsel are compared in detail, strongly testing both the flight-risk rationale and Khalil's account.",
      "evidence_excerpt": "Abdalla recorded Khalil's arrest ... Khalil was shown to comply with the agents' directions."
    },
    {
      "article_id": "spec-9a48483e03b2f087",
      "title": "Columbia completed its review of the University Senate, but senate has not received the final report",
      "date": "2026-02-11",
      "url": "https://www.columbiaspectator.com/news/2026/02/11/columbia-completed-its-review-of-the-university-senate-but-the-senate-has-not-received-the-final-report/",
      "why_it_matters": "Exceptional governance reporting uses bylaws, statutes, history, competing responses, a correction, and an update to test both sides.",
      "evidence_excerpt": "Shipman, however, is not the first trustee to assume the presidency"
    },
    {
      "article_id": "spec-fd77c077803c4629",
      "title": "\u2018Largely opaque process\u2019: University senators criticize senate review report at first plenary since release",
      "date": "2026-05-22",
      "url": "https://www.columbiaspectator.com/news/2026/05/22/largely-opaque-process-university-senators-criticize-senate-review-report-at-first-plenary-since-release/",
      "why_it_matters": "The report's data and internal inconsistencies are directly analyzed alongside Shipman's rebuttal, multiple senators, statutes history, and repeated requests to the board.",
      "evidence_excerpt": "survey with a response rate of just 3.8 percent"
    }
  ],
  "limitations": [
    "The 230-article manual set deliberately maximizes screen diversity; it is not self-weighting and its rates do not estimate all 1,527 articles.",
    "None of 19 automated semantic measures reached Cohen's kappa 0.60 against adjudicated manual coding; all semantic census estimates are screening-only.",
    "Strict automated framing reverses sign under the broad actor dictionary, and category-specific directions differ.",
    "Manual assertion-testing flags had sub-threshold intercoder reliability even after adjudication supplied a final row.",
    "Quotation-word share, attribution verbs, verified unique-source counts, and category-specific challenger coding lack full manual ground truth.",
    "The 150th leadership period is right-censored, period topic mixes differ, and no evidence links named editors causally to article decisions.",
    "The corpus scores the latest visible page version at cutoff and cannot detect silent edits or fully assess image consent/harm."
  ],
  "evidence_links": {
    "articles": "articles.csv",
    "article_coding": "article-coding.csv",
    "actor_rows": "actor-level-analysis.csv",
    "manual_audit": "university-manual-audit.csv",
    "claim_ledger": "claim-ledger.csv",
    "leadership": "leadership-timeline.csv",
    "leadership_exploratory": "leadership-exploratory-results.json",
    "methods": "methodology.md",
    "parser_repair": "corpus-parser-repair-log.md"
  }
}